MAELEZO YA MSINGI KUHUSU MTI WA MLONGE ( Moringa Oleifera)

Faida za mti wa Mlonge

UTANGULIZI

Mti wa Mlonge una faida nyingi ambazo
hazifahamiki kwa watu wengi. Faida za mti huu
zinatokana na sehemu mbalimbali za mti huu
ambazo ni maua, majani, magome na matunda
na zina faida nyingi kwa afya ya binadamu.
Maua ya mlonge huzalishwa hata kipindi
ambacho hakuna mvua. Mti huu una viinilishe
ambavyo huweza kutumika kuboresha afya ya
watoto wakati wa njaa.
Majani ya mti huu yanastawi hata kipindi cha
ukame ambapo ukuaji wa mazao ya chakula ni
mdogo. Majani haya yana kiwango kikubwa cha
vitamin B na C.
Tafiti mbalimbali zilizofanyika zimeonyesha kuwa
Mlonge una faida zifuatazo:
• Unaongeza kinga ya mwili
• Majimaji ya majani hutumika kama dawa ya
    ngozi
• Majimaji ya majani hurekebisha msukumo wa damu
• Unapunguza maumivu ya kichwa
• Majimaji ya majani yanatumika kurekebisha kiwango cha sukari mwilini hasa kwa watu wenye          tatizo la kisukari
• Unapunguza uvimbe na maumivu ya viungo
• Unaongeza kiwango cha maziwa kwa akina mama wanaonyonyesha
• Unapunguza maumivu yanayotokana na mafua makali
• Unapunguza kiwango cha kolesteroli mwilini
• Mbegu za Mlonge hutumika kutengeneza mafuta yenye ubora sawa na mafuta ya alizeti na mzeituni
• Unaweza kutumika kutengeneza vipodozi kama sabuni na mafuta
• Maua ya mlonge hutumika kutengeneza chai ya mmea
• Unga wa majani ya Mlonge unapochanganywa na chakula huongeza nguvu mwilini

Mmea wa Mlonge ndio mmea pekee ulio na kiwango kikubwa cha virutubisho vyenye manufaa kwa mwili
wa binadamu na mifugo. Una virutubisho zaidi ya 90 na unaweza kutumiwa na watu wa umri wote. Hakuna madhara yoyote ya kutumia Mlonge ambayo yamethibitishwa na wataalamu.

Kiwango cha Viinilishe katika Mlonge
i. Mmea wa Mlonge una kiwango cha Vitamin C mara saba zaidi ya machungwa
ii. Una kiwango cha Vitamin A mara nne zaidi ya Karoti
iii. Una Kalsiamu mara 4 zaidi ya maziwa
iv. Una madini ya Chuma mara 3 zaidi ya mchicha
v. Una madini ya Potasiamu mara 3 zaidi ya ndizi
vi. Majani ya mlonge yana kiwango cha protini mara mbili zaidi ya maziwa
Viinilishe vyenye Faida kwa watoto (Mlonge unaitwa “Rafiki Kipenzi wa Mama)

Gramu 25 za unga wa majani ya Mlonge zinaweza kumpa mtoto mchanga viinilishe vifuatavyo:
i. Asilimia 42 ya kiwango cha Protini kinachohitajika kwa siku
ii. Asilimia 125 ya kiwango cha Kalsiamu kinachohitajika kwa siku
iii. Asilimia 61 ya kiwango cha Magnesium kinachohitajika kwa siku
iv. Asilimia 41 ya kiwango cha Potasiamu inayohitajika kwa siku
v. Asilimia 71 ya kiwango cha madini ya Chuma kinachohitajika kwa siku
vi. Asilimia 271 ya kiwango cha Vitamin A kinachohitajika kwa siku
vii. Asilimia 22 ya kiwango cha Vitamin C kinachohitajika kwa siku
Unapolima Mlonge una nafasi kubwa zaidi ya kuongeza kipato na pia kuboresha lishe. Sehemu zote za mmea wa Mlonge zina uwezo wa kuongeza kinga ya mwili.

Matumizi Mbalimbali ya Mlonge
Kusafisha Maji
i. Kusanya mbegu za Mlonge zilizokomaa kisha
zimenye kupata kiini
ii. Twanga kiini mpaka upate unga
iii. Weka gramu 2 (vijiko viwili vya chai) za unga
wa mlonge kwenye maji kiasi (nusu lita) na
tikisa kwa muda ili kupata mchanganyiko
mzuri
iv. Changanya kwenye maji lita 20 na koroga
sana kwa muda wa dakika 10-15
v. Yaache maji yatulie kwa masaa 2 juani,
utaona uchafu umetuama chini
vi. Yachujie maji kwenye chombo safi na kisha
yaweke juani masaa machache. Kwa njia hii,
kiwango cha madhara ya maji machafu
kinapungua kwa asilimia 80-90. Inashauriwa
kutumia kiwango cha miligramu 30-300 za
unga wa mlonge kwa lita moja ya maji kwa
Kuzingatia kiwango cha uchafu.
Angalizo: Maji yachemshwe kabla ya kunywa.

Chakula cha Mifugo
Majani ya Mlonge yanaweza kulisha ng’ombe, mbuzi, nguruwe na sungura. Yanaweza pia kutumika kulisha
samaki katika mabwawa. Inashauriwa kupanda Mlonge karibu na bwawa la samaki.
Mbolea
Mashudu ya mbegu za Mlonge yanaweza kutumika kama mbolea zenye kiwango kikubwa cha Naitrojeni.
Uzalishaji wa Asali
Maua ya Mlonge ni mazuri kwa chakula cha nyuki katika uzalishaji wa asali, hivyo inashauriwa kupanda
Mlonge katika maeneo yenye mizinga ya nyuki
Kuchanganya na mazao mengine
Kutokana na mmea wa Mlonge kuwa na mizizi mirefu isiyosambaa na hauna kivuli kikubwa; unaweza kutumika kuchanganya na mazao mengine yanayohitaji kiwango kikubwa cha Naitrojen
Mbolea ya MajaniNMaji yanayotokana na majani ya Mlonge yanaweza kutumika kama mbolea ya majani kwani yana uwezo wa kuongeza uzalishaji kwa asilimia 30.

Kutengeneza Biogas   
Majani ya Mlonge yana virutubisho muhimu kwa utengenezaji wa Biogas
Mbolea ya Kijani
Mlonge ukipandwa kwa wingi kisha ukachanganywa kwenye udongo, unafanya kazi kama mbolea ya asili

kwa mazao mengine.
Kuzuia magonjwa ya mimea
Kuchanganya majani ya Mlonge kwenye udongo kabla ya kupanda husaidia kuzuia ugonjwa wa kiuno (damping-off) unaoshambulia shina la mmea
Jinsi ya Kuandaa Mlonge kwa Matumizi Mbalimbali
Majani mabichi ya Mlonge
Tumia majani ya Mlonge usiokomaa au majani machanga toka mti uliokomaa. Inashauriwa kuongeza
majani ya Mlonge wakati wa hatua za mwisho za mapishi ili kutoharibu viinilishe muhimu yaani vitamini na
madini.

Unga wa Majani ya Mlonge         
• Ili Kutengeneza supu ya majani, majani yaliyokaushwa yanaweza kutumika badala ya majani        mabichi.
• Vuna majani ya Mlonge toka mtini
• Yaoshe kisha yaache yakauke sehemu isiyo na jua (ukianikwa juani virutubisho hupotea).
• Yatwange majani yaliyokauka ili kupata unga wa Mlonge.
• Utunze unga wa Mlonge kwenye chombo kikavu chenye mfuniko sehemu isiyo na joto
• Ongeza vijiko viwili vya Mlonge kwenye chakula au mboga ili kuboresha lishe
   Maua
• Maua yana kiwango kikubwa cha madini ya Kalsiamu
• Ni lazima yachemshwe kabla ya kuliwa
MBEGU
• Mbegu za Mlonge hutumika kupunguza homa
• Zinapoliwa mara kwa mara zinaulinda mwili usipatwe na magonjwa mbalimbali mf. Mbegu nne za
mlonge zikiliwa kila siku (mbili asubuhi, mbili jioni) zinasaidia kupunguza maumivu ya viungo na
mgongo
Mafuta ya mbegu za Mlonge
Mafuta ya Mlonge yanasaidia sana kupunguza maumivu na uvimbe
i. Acha mbegu zikauke zikiwa mtini ndipo uvune
ii. Kama hazijakauka zianike juani
iii. Ondoa ganda la mbegu ya mlonge kupata kiini

Mapishi mbalimbali ya Mlonge 
Majani ya mlonge na maharagwe
 
Mahitaji:-

Majani ya mlonge 2 vikombe
Nyanya 1 kubwa
Kitunguu saumu 3-4 punje
Kitunguu maji 1 kikubwa
Chumvi 1⁄2 kijiko cha chai.
Mafuta ya maji 2 vijiko vya kulia chakula
Tui la nazi 1⁄2 kikombe cha chai
Maharage 1 Kikombe
Nyama/samaki/kuku 1 kikombe cha vipande
vilivyokatwakatwa ili viwe vidogo

HATUA ZA MAPISHI

1. Chemsha maharage na kuku /nyama ya ngo’mbe/ samaki mpaka iive.

2. Osha majani ya moringa vizuri, ondoa sehemu zisizohitajika na ukatakate.

3. Ambua, osha na ukatakate kitunguu maji na ukaange hadi kilainike.

4. Ambua, osha na uponde kitunguu saumu na uongeze kwenye kitunguuu maji.

5. Osha na ukatakate nyanya, ongeza kwenye mchanganyiko na uendelee kukaanga.

6. Ongeza majani ya moringa kwenye mchanganyiko,koroga na uendelee kukaanga.

7. Ongeza chumvi na upike hadi mboga zote ziive vizuri.

Chakula hiki cha majani kinaweza kuliwa pamoja na ugali, wali, na vyakula vinginevyo.

Mlonge na Matembele

VIAMBA UPISHI

Majani ya Mlonge 2 Vikombe
Matembele 2 Fungu
Mafuta ya kupikia 3 Vijiko vya kulia
vilivyosagwa 1 Kijiko cha chai
Kitunguu maji 1
Vitunguu saumu 3-4 punje
Nyanya 1
Karoti ndogo 1
Tui la nazi 1⁄2 kikombe cha chai
Chumvi 1⁄2 kijiko cha chai.

HATUA ZA MAPISHI

1. Osha Moringa na Matembele vizuri huku ukitoa sehemu zisizo hitajika.

2. Tayarisha tui la nazi na upashe moto kwenye sufuria tofauti.

3. Ambua kitunguu maji, vitunguu saumu na karoti na uoshe pamoja na nyanya.

4. Katakata kitunguu, nyanya na karoti na uponde vitunguu saumu.

5. Pasha mafuta moto kwenye sufuria na ukaange kitunguu maji hadi kilainike.

6. Ongeza karoti na nyanya, koroga hadi mchanganyiko uwe laini. Ongeza chumvi na kitunguu saumu na ukoroge.
7. Ongeza majani ya mlonge na matembele acha ichemke kisha
8. Ongeza tui moto la nazi na ukoroge hadi kufikia kuishia tui.

Mboga hii yaweza kuliwa na ugali, mihogo, wali na vyakula vinginevyo

Smoking leads to loss of Y chromosomes

 

In every 1500 elderly men, 8.2% have been found to lack the Y chromosome. This has led to drastic effects whereby most of the men who do not want to undergo medical checkup yet are suffering from this problem, blame their wives and accuse them of being infertile since they cannot give birth to boys. This has resulted in immoral behaviors in the family, with most of these men using this as a scapegoat for engaging in immorality. With their ignorance, these men continue spreading diseases such as STs and even HIV and AIDs.

Most of the families have also ended up breaking up while the women in these families go through a lot of agony and humiliation. The society also points fingers at them and regards them as outcasts, little do they know that the truth solely lays in undertaking a simple medical checkup as illustrated below.

This situation has called for the attention of medical practitioners to advice couples on the need for medical checkup to determine the fertility of each partner and a call for men to quit smoking. This step has been hitting the rock for quite a long time as men still hold their heads high and beat their chests in resistance. Most of them consider smoking as a requirement in joining a clique or a sign that one is a real man. Ego, which has been a priority to most men, has also been a major hindrance to these activities taking place.

According to science, smoking has been found to lead to decreased life expectancy which is 5.5% shorter and three and a half times the rate of cancer. This has however been found to affect men between the ages of 48-93 years. According to a test done on men aged 70 years to test the post zygotic mutation, loss was found to be 2-4-4, which was three times as likely for smokers than non smokers. Loss of the Y chromosome is also determined by the rate of smoking. Men who smoke heavily lose more Y chromosomes than those who do not smoke heavily. This exposes these men to a higher risk of suffering from cancer than their female counterparts who engage in cigarette smoking.

The condition is however reversible if the smokers quit smoking. This is because, the frequency of cells with loss of the Y chromosome is not different from ex-smokers when compared to men who have never smoked. This then tells us that there is a correlation between a common and avoidable risk factor, which is smoking, and the most common human mutation that is the loss of the Y chromosome. Smoking damages the DNA in human beings and the Y chromosome, being one of the smallest chromosomes in the human genome, and mutation-prone, is very vulnerable.

Smoking also causes several diseases such as cancer, heart diseases, respiration diseases and premature death, making smoking to be the 

 largest cause of preventable death in the world. 

 

MAAJABU MASTAFELI

JE WAJUA KUWA MASTAFELI HUSAIDIA KUTIBU KANSA ?

Soma taarifahii

The Sour Sop or the fruit from the graviola tree is a miraculous natural cancer cell killer 10,000 times stronger than Chemo.

...
Why are we not aware of this? Its because some big corporation want to make back their money spent on years of research by trying to make a synthetic version of it for sale.
So, since you know it now you can help a friend in need by letting him know or just drink some sour sop juice yourself as prevention from time to time. The taste is not bad after all. It’s completely natural and definitely has no side effects. If you have the space, plant one in your garden.
The other parts of the tree are also useful.
The next time you have a fruit juice, ask for a sour sop.
How many people died in vain while this billion-dollar drug maker concealed the secret of the miraculous Graviola tree?
This tree is low and is called graviola ! in Brazi l, guanabana in Spanish and has the uninspiring name “soursop” in English. The fruit is very large and the subacid sweet white pulp is eaten out of hand or, more commonly, used to make fruit drinks, sherbets and such.
The principal interest in this plant is because of its strong anti-cancer effects. Although it is effective for a number of medical conditions, it is its anti tumor effect that is of most interest. This plant is a proven cancer remedy for cancers of all types.
Besides being a cancer remedy, graviola is a broad spectrum antimicrobial agent for both bacterial and fungal infections, is effective against internal parasites and worms, lowers high blood pressure and is used for depression, stress and nervous disorders.
If there ever was a single example that makes it dramatically clear why the existence of Health Sciences Institute is so vital to Americans like you, it’s the incredible story behind the Graviola tree..
The truth is stunningly simple: Deep within the Amazon Rainforest grows a tree that could literally revolutionize what you, your doctor, and the rest of the world thinks about cancer treatment and chances of survival. The future has never looked more promising.
Research shows that with extracts from this miraculous tree it now may be possible to:
* Attack cancer safely and effectively with an all-natural therapy that does not cause extreme nausea, weight loss and hair loss
* Protect your immune system and avoid deadly infections
* Feel stronger and healthier throughout the course of the treatment
* Boost your energy and improve your outlook on life
The source of this information is just as stunning: It comes from one of America ‘s largest drug manufacturers, th! e fruit of over 20 laboratory tests conducted since the 1970's! What those tests revealed was nothing short of mind numbing… Extracts from the tree were shown to:
* Effectively target and kill malignant cells in 12 types of cancer, including colon, breast, prostate, lung and pancreatic cancer..
* The tree compounds proved to be up to 10,000 times stronger in slowing the growth of cancer cells than Adriamycin, a commonly used chemotherapeutic drug!
* What’s more, unlike chemotherapy, the compound extracted from the Graviola tree selectivelyhunts
down and kills only cancer cells.. It does not harm healthy cells!
The amazing anti-cancer properties of the Graviola tree have been extensively researched–so why haven’t you heard anything about it? If Graviola extract is
One of America ‘s biggest billion-dollar drug makers began a search for a cancer cure and their research centered on Graviola, a legendary healing tree from the Amazon Rainforest.
Various parts of the Graviola tree–including the bark, leaves, roots, fruit and fruit-seeds–have been used for centuries by medicine men and native Indi! ans in S outh America to treat heart disease, asthma, liver problems and arthritis. Going on very little documented scientific evidence, the company poured money and resources into testing the tree’s anti-cancerous properties–and were shocked by the results. Graviola proved itself to be a cancer-killing dynamo.
But that’s where the Graviola story nearly ended.
The company had one huge problem with the Graviola tree–it’s completely natural, and so, under federal law, not patentable. There’s no way to make serious profits from it.
It turns out the drug company invested nearly seven years trying to synthesize two of the Graviola tree’s most powerful anti-cancer ingredients. If they could isolate and produce man-made clones of what makes the Graviola so potent, they’d be able to patent it and make their money back. Alas, they hit a brick wall. The original simply could not be replicated. There was no way the company could protect its profits–or even make back the millions it poured into research.
As the dream of huge profits evaporated, their testing on Graviola came to a screeching halt. Even worse, the company shelved the entire project and chose not to publish the findings of its research!
Luckily, however, there was one scientist from the Graviola research team whose conscience wouldn’t let him see such atrocity committed. Risking his career, he contacted a company that’s dedicated to harvesting medical plants from the Amazon Rainforest and blew the whistle.
Miracle unleashed
When researchers at the Health Sciences Institute were alerted to the news of Graviola,! they be gan tracking the research done on the cancer-killing tree. Evidence of the astounding effectiveness of Graviola–and its shocking cover-up–came in fast and furious….
….The National Cancer Institute performed the first scientific research in 1976. The results showed that Graviola’s “leaves and stems were found effective in attacking and destroying malignant cells.” Inexplicably, the results were published in an internal report and never released to the public…
….Since 1976, Graviola has proven to be an immensely potent cancer killer in 20 independent laboratory tests, yet no double-blind clinical trials–the typical benchmark mainstream doctors and journals use to judge a treatment’s value–were ever initiated….
….A study published in the Journal of Natural Products, following a recent study conducted at Catholic University of South Korea stated that one chemical in Graviola was found to selectively kill colon cancer cells at “10,000 times the potency of (the commonly used chemotherapy drug) Adriamycin…”
….The most significant part of the Catholic University of South Korea report is that Graviola was shown to selectively target the cancer cells, leaving healthy cells untouched. Unlike chemotherapy, which indiscriminately targets all actively reproducing cells (such as stomach and hair cells), causing the often devastating side effects of nausea and hair loss in cancer patients.
…A study at Purdue University recently found that leaves from the Graviola tree killed cancer cells among six human cell lines and were especially effective against prostate, pancreatic and lung cancers Seven years of silence broken–it’s finally here!!!

Patrice Lumumba: A Brief History

Patrice Lumumba: January 1961
"In happiness, as in unhappiness...
I will remain at your side.
We fought together...
to liberate this country...
from foreign domination."

These are the last words the world heard from Patrice Lumumba - the first Prime Minister of newly independent Congo. Days later he was murdered.

Patrice Lumumba: "Freedom is the ideal for which throughout history... throughout centuries, men have fought and died."

He'd been elected only six months before. His obituary in The Times said that his career had been as meteoric and controversial as anything the twentieth century had seen.

Now, over forty years later, a story of international intrigue and betrayal can be told. Of smuggled money and assassination plots sanctioned at the highest level. Of brutal beatings, a firing squad and death under a moonlit tree.

Larry Devlin, the CIA station chief in Leopoldville: "President Eisenhower said, indicated in one way or another, 'let's get rid of this man'."

Gerard Soete, Comissioner of the Katangese Police: "We did things an animal wouldn't do. That's why we were drunk, stone drunk."

Fresh scrutiny of thousands of documents held in these vaults has now brought to light the plots that lay behind the downfall and death of Patrice Lumumba.

Patrice Lumumba was born into colonial Africa. The vast territory of Congo was staked out by King Leopold of the Belgians in the 1870's - greedy for its natural resources.

The capital, Léopoldville, sat on the banks of the Congo River. Stanleyville in the north was named for the explorer who found Dr Livingstone. Lumumba was born in the tiny village of Onalua, in Kasai Province.

In a nation of two hundred tribes, Lumumba was born into one of the smallest, to poor farmers. The early years of Belgian colonisation were notoriously harsh for the Congolese and though conditions later improved, still village life was no place for an ambitious young man.

Lumumba travelled to Stanleyville and passed an exam to enter a post office training scheme. After nine months he graduated with distinction and began work as a clerk. Third class.

Anicet Kashamura Friend & politician: "At that time he wasn't actively engaged in politics. Mind you all Congolese were political but he was more free-thinking with his politics."

In 1955 the Belgian King visited the Congo. Among those he met personally was Patrice Lumumba who had become active in trade unionism. He was starting to get himself noticed. The following year he was amongst an elite group of Congolese, the 'Evolues', invited to visit Belgium. 'Evolues' were the Congo's tiny black middle class.

They were required to sit a 'civilisation' exam and live like Europeans. But even as he was travelling he was secretly being watched by Belgian police, who suspected him of embezzlement. Later he claimed his motivation was the injustice of his paltry salary compared with that of his Belgian superiors.

Back home he was arrested and confessed. He'd stolen a hundred and twenty six thousand Belgian francs. He served fifteen months in prison. His time in jail marked a turning point. Africa was starting to break free of colonialism. After his release he was more radical.

Anicet Kashamura Friend & politician: "We wanted to be absolutely anti-colonial. That may sound infantile but it was about the immediate liberation of Africa. Lumumba wanted to harness that big idea and use it to create pressure for the immediate independence of the Congo."

He was now making a new life in the capital, Léopoldville. He took a job as a beer salesman. He had a salesman's gift with words. But his political life was developing quickly and in 1958 he co-founded a political party - the National Congolese Movement, the MNC. Uniquely then the MNC embraced members from all tribes and provinces.

That inclusive philosophy was reinforced by a trip to newly independent Ghana, whose leader, Kwame Nkrumah, was the high priest of pan-Africanism. An anti-colonial creed with a socialist stripe, pan-Africanism rejected tribalism as divisive.

Jean Van Lierde Friend & adviser: "Lumumba was the only Congolese leader who rose above the ethnic difficulties and tribal preoccupations that destroyed all the other parties. Lumumba was the first real pan-African."

Lumumba quickly established a reputation for persuasive and emotional oratory. He was becoming a significant figure with a loyal following. 1959 was to be a decisive year in the Congo.

In January there was widespread unrest - deaths followed. The Belgians could no longer ignore the tide of history and accepted the objective of independence but without undue haste.

Serious unrest continued sporadically throughout the year and towards its end Patrice Lumumba was again arrested and sentenced to six months in jail for provoking trouble. Lumumba was now viewed as both a hero of the independence movement and a dangerous troublemaker.

But the unrest had shaken Brussels. And in January 1960 the Belgian government invited Congolese politicians to Brussels to discuss independence. Lumumba was still in jail in the Congo. The MNC delegates threatened to boycott the talks unless he was permitted to attend. On the orders of the government Lumumba was flown to Brussels. It was a saviour's welcome.

Jean Van Lierde had been a friend of Lumumba's for some years. Now he acted as liaison between his friend and a by now hostile Belgian government.

Jean Van Lierde: "The image he projected, by his use of vocabulary and his manner, frightened some people. He gave the impression that he was not a man who could be dominated. And a man who could not be dominated was dangerous."

The conference was opened by Prime Minister Gaston Eyskens. The Belgian negotiators were fluent and united. The Congolese by contrast were divided by tribal and personal rivalries - some of them viscous and deep. But amongst them all Lumumba impressed with his abilities and was the effective leader and spokesman.

Patrice Lumumba: "Belgium has understood the price... that we attach to our liberty and dignity.
She understands that we Congolese...
will not be hostile. We just want to abolish the colonial system...that was the shame of the twentieth century."

A date for independence was set for June the 30th, just over four months away. Some suspected already that this belated haste was a deliberate strategy - the Belgians hoped to exploit the chaos that would ensue.

The Prime Minister, Gaston Eyskens, remained a central figure in the unfolding Congo drama, as did the aristocratic Count d'Aspremont Lynden, soon to be Minister for African Affairs and King Baudouin, who'd met Lumumba in the Congo.

The election campaign which followed was marked by controversy. Martial law was declared after more rioting and for some weeks the authorities refused to allow Lumumba to speak in public.

But despite this, his MNC emerged as the biggest single party. In June the government was named. There was dispute about who would take key posts. Lumumba would be Prime Minister and Defence Minister. President and Head of State, however, would be his rival Joseph Kasavubu, leader of the powerful Bakongo tribe. Lumumba resented it.

Another powerful tribal leader not in government was Moise Tschombe, head of Congo's wealthiest province, the mineral rich Katanga, in the south. He and Lumumba hated each other.

The Prime Minister's private secretary was Joseph Mobutu. Within weeks he would become the army's Chief of Staff and the most powerful man in the Congo.

June the 30th 1960. Independence Day dawned and the Belgian King rode through the streets of Léopoldville with President Kasavubu. What should have been a day of celebration was to be a fateful day for Patrice Lumumba. In the official ceremony there was no place for him to speak - an oversight, which outraged his friend and adviser.

Jean Van Lierde Friend & adviser: "I read the King's speech and Kasavubu's. I was shocked; I asked myself how could this be possible. On June the 30th 1960, such a paternalistic speech by my monarch talking about Leopold the second, the wonderful things Belgium had done in the nineteenth century. On Independence Day when the people were moving towards freedom it was scandalous."

KING BAUDOUIN I: "The independence of the Congo... is the culmination of the work conceived... by the genius of Leopold II. Undertaken by him with tenacious courage... and continued with perseverance by Belgium.

Jean Van Lierde Friend & adviser: "I ran to Lumumba's house and said; 'Patrice, have you read this text?' It was incredible that only the King and Kasavubu should speak and not the Prime Minister. 'When they finished', I said, 'you must get up and speak'. "

It was probably the worst advice Lumumba ever took.

Patrice Lumumba: "Fighters for independence, today victorious...

I salute you in the name of the Congolese government.
All of you, my friends who've unstintingly fought at our side.
We have known mockery, insults...
blows from morning to night...
because we were negroes.
We knew that the law was never the same...
for whites and blacks.
Who will forget the firing squads...
the brutal arrests of those who refused to bow...
to the regime of injustice, oppression and exploitation.

Jean Van Lierde Friend & adviser: "Everyone was shocked; this wasn't in the programme."

Jean Van Lierde Friend & adviser: "I saw Janssens and Veragen two or three metres away - his moustache was trembling with rage. I saw the King lean over and say; 'Mr President, was this planned?' And Kasavubu said; 'of course not, no'. That was it, the King was very angry, he wanted to leave the Congo immediately.

The Belgians wanted nothing to do with him after that. People say it was this speech that brought about his end.

For Lumumba's government, independence quickly turned into a nightmare.

By July the 5th there was mutiny in the army. Troops were incensed that independence had changed nothing and white officers were still in charge.

Lumumba sacked the Belgian commander of the armed forces and promoted all Congolese soldiers by one grade. But the perception that behind the scenes too many Belgians still wielded too much power was incendiary. There were reports of white women being raped. And the Belgians began to flee the country.

Brussels decided to act and flew in troops from Belgium, claiming they were there only to protect Europeans. But soon there was to be armed confrontation between the Belgian and Congolese forces. Prime Minister Eyskens insisted publicly the mission was strictly limited.

Prime Minister Eyskens:
"These military interventions by Belgium in the Congo...
are really and in all honesty...
only for the purpose of saving lives.

Days later came the biggest blow of all. Congo's richest province, Katanga, led by Lumumba's long time enemy Moise Tschombe, announced it was seceding. Belgian troops helped secure the breakaway state. The vast profits made from Katanga's mineral riches - copper, diamonds, gold and uranium - had always flowed back to Belgium. Whoever controlled Katanga had domain over most of Congo's wealth."

According to revelations from this writer and historian, Ludo De Witte, archives from the Belgian Foreign Ministry show that senior politicians in Brussels had master minded the breakaway of the state of Katanga.

Ludo De Witte d'Aspremont Lynden was the close collaborator of the Prime Minster. He was the one who was sent by the Belgian Prime Minister to Katanga to organise the secession to build up a Katangese state with Belgian functionaries and Belgian military. De Witte's access to the Foreign Ministry files also exposes the Belgian's deliberate deception at the time.

Ludo De Witte: "The official version of the, the Belgian government was that all those Belgian functionaries and officers were put at the disposal of the Katangese government."

"Now in practice the documents are very clear - all those officers and functionaries were following orders of the Belgian government and were following Belgian policy."

The government of Patrice Lumumba was now in crisis. A viscous civil war with Katanga loomed. Lumumba ordered the Belgians to leave the Congo - they didn't."

"He expelled Belgian diplomats. Now he turned to the United Nations but at the same time began casting around for help wherever he could get it. Critically he warned that he might ask the Soviets for help. It sent a chill through every western capital."

Lawrence Devlin CIA Station Chief, Léopoldville: "I don't think he was a communist, I think he thought that he could use the Russians - one to frighten the western powers and two to provide the technical help which he needed."

The danger of a superpower turf war in Congo set alarm bells ringing at the United Nations. Its Secretary General, Dag Hammarskjold, believed only the UN could avert disaster. But the UN itself was a Cold War battleground and the Congo was being inexorably drawn into the confrontation.

The first United Nations troops arrived with impressive speed but immediately found themselves thwarted. Belgian troops remained in place and Belgian officials undermined the international effort


t.

Brigadier Indarjit Rikhye Military Adviser to UN Secretary-General: "It's on record in United Nations reports that the Belgian civilian personnel made it impossible for United Nations civilian experts to be able to work properly."

The Secretary-General's military representative was Brigadier Indarjit Rikhye. He saw how even the Belgians who'd been expelled still secretly influenced key Congolese leaders including Mobutu, by now Army Chief of Staff and President Kasavubu.

Brigadier Indarjit Rikhye: "In the early days the embassy had moved to Brazzaville, right across the river. But every night they would come over to see them because, which was not visible to the UN. And we only discovered it when Mobutu suddenly decided that he would like to have an Indian Liaison Officer." That UN officer became a mole in the Mobutu camp.

Brigadier Indarjit Rikhye: "So this young man got along so well that he would sit hours drink champagne and brandy with - and at midnight the Belgians would come."

"The military was influencing Mobutu by these night visits. They were involved in Kasavubu's cabinet; they were controlling the government in Léopoldville at every level."

At the same time money from the Belgians was secretly being brought into the country to fund covert support for Lumumba's rivals.

Louis Marlière: "They gave me - I had a few millions available to me."

Louis Marlière had been an officer in the Belgian colonial army. He was now one of those making frequent trips back to the Congo from across the river in French Brazzaville - with the help of a French passport.

Colonel Louis Marliere: "In Brussels they knew this guy had to be removed, we all knew - the ministers, politicians, we didn't need anyone to tell us. The Congolese knew too."

Increasingly desperate, Patrice Lumumba went on an international trip to enlist support. His relationship with the UN Secretary-General was bad, he was frustrated that the UN hadn't ended the Katanga secession nor had Belgian troops left the Congo. In New York he made a personal appeal to Dag Hammarskjold.

Patrice Lumumba: "Peace in the Congo...
depends on Belgian troops leaving immediately.
We rely on the UN Secretary-General...
to bring this to a swift conclusion.

But in Brussels they had different plans. According to the Adviser to President Kasavubu the Belgian Prime Minister, Gaston Eyskens, had hardened his resolve.

Jef Van Bilsen Adviser to President Kasavubu: "In Brussels Prime Minister Eyskens called me in and said; 'Kasavubu has to dismiss him and it can be done within the constitution'. I said; 'but can the King dismiss you just like that, you've got to have a legal reason'. But Eyskens remained firm and said to me; 'tell Kasavubu that he has to dismiss Lumumba'."

Then, back in Congo, the Soviets supplied Lumumba with transport planes, military trucks and - it was suspected - guns. Lumumba had always denied being a communist. But the US Ambassador now referred to him as Lumumbavitch.

Jef Van Bilsen "I remember Timberlake, the American Ambassador, saying; 'for God's sake help us get rid of Lumumba, he's a communist'." He had played into the hands of America's cold warriors.

President Dwight Eisenhower: "The United States deplores the unilateral action of the Soviet Union in supplying aircraft and other equipment for military purposes to the Congo, thereby aggravating an already serious situation which finds Africans killing other Africans."

Lawrence Devlin CIA Station Chief, Léopoldville: "To most of us it was quite apparent that the Russians were making a major effort to take over. And so therefore this became a key problem of the Cold War struggle."

Sixty-seven days after he came to power Patrice Lumumba was sacked. It came in a radio announcement from President Kasavubu.

President Kasavubu: "Conforming with the constitution...
I have dismissed the Prime Minister...
Mr Patrice Lumumba, and certain other ministers.

Lumumba fought back. He went to parliament, sought and won two votes of confidence and announced he was sacking Kasavubu. The country was effectively leaderless. The inevitable happened.

The army stepped into the vacuum, led by Colonel Mobutu, the man who Lumumba had hired as his private secretary only months earlier. Days before the coup Mobutu had secured the troops' loyalty by paying his rebellious soldiers their long overdue wages. The money came from abroad.

Brigadier Indarjit Rikhye Military Adviser to UN Secretary-General: "The coup d'état was being made under a lot of involvement of western embassies. Who had the most control? Obviously the United States of America as the premier nation in the western system. The British were involved, the French were involved and the Russians on the other side were supporting Lumumba in another fashion."

Patrice Lumumba was now put under informal house arrest at the Prime Minster's residence. He was surrounded by two military cordons. The first was of UN troops mandated to protect him. The second, around them, was of Mobutu's soldiers who wanted to arrest him.

The files at the Belgian Foreign Ministry make it clear that the west still feared Lumumba's return to power. Determined to avoid this, several western nations began plotting to ensure a more permanent solution.

Ludo De Witte Historian: "In internal reports it became clear that at that moment they feared that at any moment Lumumba could come back to power. And it is in that, in those days you got the first order from the right hand of the Minister of African Affairs from Belgium who gave the green light for organising a commando action against Lumumba. That 'Operation Barracuda'. This was organised in the Congolese capital by Colonel Marlière."

Colonel Marlière denies that he organised Operation Barracuda, though he knew about it.

Colonel Louis Marlière "This Operation Barracuda, I never knew who thought up the plan. It was someone in Kasai or Belgium, it wasn't us but it involved kidnapping Lumumba."

On the 6th of October Belgium's Minster for African Affairs, Count d'Aspremont Lynden, sent a cable to Katanga. He wrote that the principle objective of policy from now on, for the sake of Katanga, Congo and Belgium, was to be the definitive elimination of Patrice Lumumba.

But the Belgian Foreign Intelligence Service wasn't alone in now contemplating drastic action. Documents held at the Public Records Office in London reveal that the Foreign Office here was also actively discussing the possibilities of eliminating Mr Lumumba from the political scene.

This paper, from an intelligence analyst, reviews communications from the British Ambassador in Léopoldville. It was written by Howard Smith later to become Head of MI5. He concludes:

Howard Smith: "I see only two possible solutions to the problem. The first is the simple one of ensuring Lumumba's removal from the scene by killing him."

A Foreign Office colleague seemed to agree.

Foreign Office colleague: "There is much to be said for eliminating Lumumba. But unless Mobutu can get him arrested and executed promptly, he's likely to survive and continue to plague us all."

But the final word rested with Edward Heath, Lord Privy Seal, who wanted to pursue a political solution.

Meanwhile, back in the east of Congo, fierce fighting had broken out between factions for and against the Prime Minister.

Ludo De Witte: "There was a military offensive from Lumumba's supporters going on which in a period of two weeks, two weeks and a half were, had taken more than half of the territory of the Congo. So it would be sure that if Lumumba came to power through that offensive this would have meant the toppling of the complete pro-western regime which was in place."

"We have the message from the CIA, the local CIA Station, which says well, if, if, if we are not reacting very quickly this will be a disaster for American policy into the Congo."

Across the Atlantic American attempts to contain Lumumba were over. The Director of the CIA in Washington had long regarded Lumumba as 'a Castro or worse'. His Station Chief in Léopoldville now received news of a plot, which might have been poached from the pages of a lurid spy novel.

Lawrence Devlin CIA Station Chief, Léopoldville: "I received a message saying 'eyes only, highly classified' etc, that someone whom I would recognise, a very senior officer whom I would recognise by sight, would arrive and identify himself as Joe from Paris and I was to take, carry out his instructions. Which I found, I'd never seen anything like this. Normally instructions came in cables."

The absence of paper made this a deniable operation.

Lawrence Devlin: "I recognised him when he walked toward my car and when he told me what they wanted done I was totally, totally taken aback. I had never suggested assassination, nor did I believe that it was advisable. Now, of course, I don't know that it was President Eisenhower but I can't believe that a decision like that was made without his clearance. It just wouldn't have been done, I had never heard of such a thing."

The man who came to meet Devlin, Joe from Paris, was Doctor Sidney Gottlieb, the CIA's Chief Scientist.

Lawrence Devlin: "Sid was Head of the Technical Services Division, which was the one that provides all kinds of special equipment. He was Q, if you will, if you've seen a 007 movie."

"He arrived with some toothpaste, which would put the man away and some other poison of some sort, which I don't remember what form but it was there. I was supposed to find some way to use it and I didn't."

Lawrence Devlin: "I eventually threw it in the Congo River when time of, it had expired, its usefulness had expired."

While plots were being hatched, Lumumba was still being protected by United Nation's troops. But even within the UN there was animosity towards him.

Brigadier Indarjit Rikhye Military Adviser to UN Secretary-General: "We could not participate in any action, although there were many of us, many members of the Untied Nations staff who would have been actively favouring 'let's get rid of the man, we can't get anywhere with him'."

Under pressure and fearing for his life, Lumumba now made a disastrous mistake. He decided to escape.

On a rainy evening in late November he hid in the back of a car leaving his residence. His wife and baby son were with him. He planned to go east to join troops still loyal to him around Stanleyville. It was a slow journey on poor roads, his convoy stopped often for Lumumba to address crowds of villagers despite rumours that Mobutu's forces were in hot pursuit.

On the evening of December the 2nd, the convoy came to a halt at the Sankuru River. There was no ferry. A party decided to cross in a small boat to alert the ferryman. As they waited Mobutu's forces appeared from the darkness. What happened next is not clear but it is known that after he was captured Lumumba made a direct appeal to local United Nation's troops to save him.

The order from the UN's military command was clear: they would not intervene.

Brigadier Indarjit Rikhye: "I was at headquarters at that time. We were exchanging cables with New York and I know that and even I accepted the fact that he surrendered our protection and having got himself into trouble asking. Our answer was no. And I, a hundred percent, backed that decision."

2nd December 1960

He was flown to Léopoldville, where his humiliation was witnessed by journalists and UN officials. Still no one intervened to save the nation's elected Prime Minister.

Brigadier Indarjit Rikhye: "We saw him when he returned and they had beaten him up. It was just terrible. It was right before our eyes. I mean, you know, very, very uncivilised."

Brigadier Indarjit Rikhye: "He was chained in the back of a truck and every so often for the benefit of the audience, rifle butts, kicks. And he was bleeding and his hair was dishevelled, he'd lost his glasses. And they saw him, we saw him go past the Royale, which was our headquarters but we could not intervene."

The UN had abandoned him to his fate. He was taken first to Mobutu's villa, where the Army Chief of Staff watched impassively as his old boss was further brutalised.

Lumumba's wife Pauline watched helplessly as excited troops continued to beat the Prime Minister.

Mobutu dispatched him to the military prison at Thysville, a hundred miles from Léopoldville, which was considered secure. During his six weeks at Thysville, Lumumba's famous powers of speech proved still dangerous. He almost provoked a mutiny amongst his guards.

Victor Nendaka Head of Intelligence Service: "It was the widely held opinion among the military in Thysville that there was a pro-Lumumba faction in Léopoldville that would try to return him to power. There was that possibility. So the government held a meeting to decide on another place to take Lumumba."

Victor Nendaka had been with Lumumba at the founding of the MNC but by 1960 he was head of Mobutu's secret service and a party to decisions about Lumumba's future. He was aware that the Belgians too were applying pressure for a more permanent solution.

Victor Nendaka: "Yes, lots of pressure. Everything was happening from Brazzaville. So you had Brussels, Brazzaville and Léopoldville, the pressure was very strong."

On January the 15th the Belgian pressure became direct and explicit.

The African Affairs Minister, Count d'Aspremont Lynden, sent a message drafted by hand to his apparatchiks in Katanga. He instructed them to tell Moise Tschombe that he personally insists that Lumumba be transferred to Katanga without delay. He had, in effect, issued a death warrant.

Ludo De Witte: "Only a few weeks before the transfer of Lumumba and a few weeks before the Belgian Minister of African Affairs ordered the transfer to Katanga, there had been a discussion in the Commission in Belgian Parliament in which clearly was explained that if Lumumba would be transferred to Katanga that would equal a death sentence, that would mean the end of it."

Lumumba, along with two other former ministers, was flown to Katanga on January the 17th. On the plane they were beaten so badly the pilot warned the violence was threatening the flight. Swedish UN troops at Elizabethville airport were kept away when the prisoners arrived.

Lumumba was taken into the custody of Katangese police and military. Overseen and supervised by Belgians.

There was a short drive to a colonial villa owned by a wealthy Belgian. Villa Brouwe. They arrived in the late afternoon. Eyewitnesses say the beatings continued by Congolese and Belgian guards. The prisoners were also visited by Katangese cabinet ministers and President Tschombe himself.

Witnesses have spoken of seeing Lumumba semi-conscious slumped by a toilet. During this time the Katangese were deciding what to do with their rival. By ten in the evening the decision was taken.

Another convoy set off from Villa Brouwe, heading into the bush. They drew up by a large tree. The three men were dragged from the car. Three separate firing squads had been assembled commanded by a Belgian, Captain Julien Gat. Another Belgian, the Police Commissioner Verschurre, had overall command. President Tschombe and two of his cabinet ministers watched the executions.

Next morning the government of Katanga began immediately concealing its crime. This man, Godfried Munongo, the Interior Minister, called a senior Belgian policeman, Gerard Soete, to his office.

Gerard Soete Commissioner, Katangese Police: "He said; 'you destroy them, you make them disappear'. 'How you do it, it doesn't interest me', he said. 'All I want is that it happens that they disappear. Once it is done nobody will talk about it. Finished.'"

Soete and a helper exhumed the corpses from shallow graves.

Gerard Soete "We hacked them in pieces and put them into the acid. As far as our acid because we had two bottles like that of acid, big bottles, but we hadn't got enough so we burned what we could in those bottles. For the rest I know that my helper made a fire and put them in and we destroyed everything."

Gerard Soete: "We were there two days. We did things an animal wouldn't do. And that's why we were drunk, stone drunk. We couldn't do things like that. Cut your own, your own - no, no, no. Nobody could say now, today, it's there, it happened. That's impossible, you couldn't."

It was to be three weeks before anything was announced publicly. An elaborately implausible cover-up.

13th February 1961

Although rumours had been circulating for weeks, Munongo solemnly declared that the three prisoners had escaped, killed their guards and made off in a getaway car. Munongo said they'd been recognised by villagers who beat them to death.Nobody believed the story.

Anger erupted around the world. The international left blamed Brussels. Belgian embassies were attacked in several capitals. But then there was no hard evidence. The truth has taken its time. Responding to the new evidence from Ludo De Witte, the Belgian parliament in Brussels has this year opened a Commission of Inquiry into the events surrounding the death of Patrice Lumumba.

Testimony is being taken from dozens of witnesses who lived and worked in Congo at the time of the assassination.

Geert Versnick: "Parliamentary Commission of Inquiry The Minister of Foreign Affairs in the parliament finds that it is time to address our history, especially the case of Mr Lumumba. If there was a Belgian implication we should address our history."

Ludo De Witte believes that through the Commission of Inquiry more documentary evidence may emerge confirming Brussels' determination to dictate the terms of post-independence Congo. But his researches have already led him to a clear conclusion about Belgium's role in the affair.

Ludo De Witte: "It were Belgian officers and functionaries who were calling the shots under the political leadership of Belgian government."

"The main objective was to secede all important provinces from the central government, from central authorities so that it could be weakened and in the end they wanted a confederation of all those provinces to be formed, just to topple and to replace the central government."

In the United States too there is more reckoning to be done. Since the making of this film new evidence has emerged proving that President Eisenhower did indeed order the assassination of Patrice Lumumba. A well-placed source in Washington has told Correspondent that the official history of the period is now being rewritten.

For the Congo, the death of Patrice Lumumba led eventually to a thirty year dictatorship by Colonel Mobutu. Shortly before his death he was ousted by Laurent Kabila, a self proclaimed Lumumbist, though he too has failed to unite the nation or establish democracy.

And Congo is still divided. Once again the country is riven by civil war. Once again the United Nations is there, it still can't keep the peace.

Friend and foe alike agreed that Patrice Lumumba was a talented man. 'The one truly outstanding politician in the Congo' The Times called him.

But to many, including supporters, his was also a flawed personality - unstable, intemperate, also perhaps naïve. In the last letter he wrote to his wife Pauline a passionate vision for his country still burned bright.

Patrice Lumumba's letter: "My Dear, I am writing this without knowing whether you will ever get it or when or whether I shall still be alive when you read it.

Dead or alive, free or imprisoned by the colonialists, it is not I who matter, it is the Congo, it is our poor people whose independence has been turned into a cage.
For where there is no dignity there is no freedom and where there's no justice there's no dignity and where there's no independence there are no free men.

"History will have its say one day.
Not the history they teach in Brussels, Paris, Washington or the United Nations but the history taught in the country set free from colonialism and its puppet rulers.Africa will write her own history and it will be a history of glory and dignity."

"Do not weep my love; I know that my country, which has suffered so much, will be able to defend its independence and liberty."

Long live the Congo. Long live Africa.
Patrice